![]() ![]() ![]() At the same time, women became more active in illumination. While in England, women were responsible for creating rich embroideries for ecclesiastical or secular use on clothes and various types of hangings. Some guild records show that in Flanders and Northern France, women were particularly active in the textile industries. During this time, they were also allowed to be part of some artisan guilds. They were allowed to head their husband’s businesses if they were widowed. All these changes in society engendered other changes in the life of women. The 12 th century saw the rise of the city, trade, travel, and universities. ![]() Two great names of this period from Germany are Herrade of Landsberg and Hildegard of Bingen, this last one was a fine artist and intellectual. However, in Germany, under the Ottonian Dynasty, the convents retained their position as institutions of learning, this could be because the convents were often headed and populated by unmarried women form royal and aristocratic families. These changes affected too the status of the convents, starting a gradual decline of them as places of learning and where women could gain power as before. With the social changes due to the Gregorian Reforms of the 11 th century and the rise of feudalism, women had to face several restrictions that they did not face in the Early Medieval period. Self-portrait from Hortus delicarum, c1180 by Herrad von Landsberg ![]()
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